在前面的章節中，我們學會了使用連接詞和關係子句來組合句子，例如：
- The man, who was wearing a hat, looked suspicious.
- Because he felt tired, he went to bed early.
這些都是完全正確的句子。然而，在更正式或更精煉的寫作中，有一種「語法魔法」可以將這些子句「濃縮」，讓句子更簡潔、更有力。這個魔法，就是分詞構句 (Participial Phrase)。本章將帶您學習如何建構與使用這個強大的語法工具，讓您的寫作技巧更上一層樓。
第一節：什麼是分詞構句？
分詞構句是一個以分詞 (V-ing 或 p.p.) 開頭的片語，它在句子中扮演「形容詞」或「副詞」的角色，用來修飾名詞或整個主要子句。
29.1 分詞構句的構成規則
要將一個從屬子句（形容詞子句或副詞子句）簡化成分詞構句，請遵循以下步驟：
- 確認主詞相同： 這是使用分詞構句的絕對前提——從屬子句與主要子句的主詞必須完全相同。
- 刪除連接詞與主詞： 將從屬子句的「連接詞」（如 because, when, who）和「主詞」刪除。
- 決定分詞形式 (-ing vs. p.p.):
- 主動/進行關係 → 使用現在分詞 (-ing)
- 被動關係 → 使用過去分詞 (p.p.)
第二節：分詞構句的形容詞功能 (取代形容詞子句)
當分詞構句用來修飾名詞時，它扮演形容詞的角色，通常緊跟在被修飾的名詞後面，相當於一個被簡化了的「形容詞子句」。
A. 用現在分詞 (-ing) 取代「主動」的形容詞子句
- 原句： The man who is sitting on the bench is reading.
- 分詞構句： The man sitting on the bench is reading. (坐在長椅上的那個男人正在讀書。)
B. 用過去分詞 (p.p.) 取代「被動」的形容詞子句
- 原句： The letter which was sent yesterday arrived this morning.
- 分詞構句： The letter sent yesterday arrived this morning. (昨天寄出的信今天早上到了。)
第三節：分詞構句的副詞功能 (取代副詞子句)
當分詞構句用來修飾整個主要子句時，它扮演副詞的角色，通常放在句首（並用逗號隔開），用來表達「時間」、「原因」、「條件」等邏輯關係。
A. 用現在分詞 (-ing) 取代「主動」的副詞子句
| 邏輯關係 | 完整子句 (Full Clause) | 分詞構句 (Participial Phrase) |
|---|---|---|
| 時間 (Time) | When I walked into the room, I saw her. | Walking into the room, I saw her. |
| 原因 (Cause) | Because she felt sick, she didn't go to school. | Feeling sick, she didn't go to school. |
| 條件 (Condition) | If you turn right, you will find the post office. | Turning right, you will find the post office. |
B. 用過去分詞 (p.p.) 取代「被動」的副詞子句
（通常是省略了 Being 或 Having been）
| 邏輯關係 | 完整子句 (Full Clause) | 分詞構句 (Participial Phrase) |
|---|---|---|
| 原因 (Cause) | Because he was tired from the trip, he slept early. | Tired from the trip, he slept early. |
| 時間 (Time) | When he was asked about the problem, he said nothing. | Asked about the problem, he said nothing. |
語法焦點：完成式分詞 (Having + p.p.)
如果想特別強調分詞的動作「發生在主要子句的動作之前」，可以使用完成式分詞 Having + p.p.。
- After he finished his homework, he went out to play.
→ Having finished his homework, he went out to play. (在完成功課之後，他出去玩了。)
第四節：最重要的注意事項：懸吊分詞 (Dangling Modifiers)
這是使用分詞構句時最容易犯、也最需要避免的錯誤！
語法警告：主詞必須一致！
分詞構句（片語）所描述的對象，必須是主要子句的主詞。如果分詞片語的邏輯主詞與主要子句的主詞不一致，就會造成語意不清或荒謬的句子，稱為「懸吊分詞」。
- ❌ 錯誤： Walking down the street, the birds were singing loudly.
(語意變成「小鳥」在街上走路，這不合邏輯。) - ✅ 正確： Walking down the street, I heard the birds singing loudly.
(走路的人是「我」，與主要子句主詞 I 一致。) - ✅ 正確 (還原為完整子句): As I was walking down the street, the birds were singing loudly.
本章總結與練習
總結：
- 功能：分詞構句是用 V-ing 或 p.p. 開頭的片語，來簡化「形容詞子句」或「副詞子句」，使文句更簡潔。
- 前提：兩個子句的主詞必須相同。
- 形式：主詞與動詞為主動關係，用 -ing；為被動關係，用 p.p.。
- 注意：務必避免「懸吊分詞」的錯誤，確保分詞修飾的對象就是主要子句的主詞。
小練習：
A. 用分詞構句簡化下列句子中的子句：
1. The boy who is playing the guitar is my brother.
→ The boy _______________ the guitar is my brother.
2. The pictures which were taken during the trip are beautiful.
→ The pictures _______________ during the trip are beautiful.
3. Because he was surprised by the loud noise, the baby started to cry.
→ _______________ by the loud noise, the baby started to cry.
B. 將兩句合併為一句含有分詞構句的句子：
4. While I was walking home, I met an old friend.
→ ______________________, I met an old friend.
5. The new employee was confused by the system. He asked many questions.
→ ______________________, the new employee asked many questions.
答案：
A. 1. playing, 2. taken, 3. Surprised
B. 4. Walking home, 5. Confused by the system
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