【英文動詞終極指南】一篇搞懂 Be動詞、情態、連綴、及物/不及物、狀態動詞
在學習英文的過程中,動詞無疑是句子的靈魂。它不僅僅表達動作,更決定了句子的時態、語氣和基本結構。然而,動詞的種類繁多,用法各異,常讓學習者感到困惑。
這份終極指南將為您深入解析五種在語法功能上最核心、最重要的動詞類別。我們將透過大量的例句,特別是主詞與動詞之間的變化,幫助您徹底理解每一類動詞的「個性」與「用法」,讓您在造句時更有自信、更精準。
1. Be 動詞 (The Verb 'Be'):狀態、身份與存在
Be 動詞 (is, am, are, was, were...) 不表達具體「動作」,而是用來描述主詞的「狀態、身份或位置」。它的最大特點,就是會根據主詞人稱和時態而「變身」。
核心功能與範例:
描述身份/特質
- I am a software engineer. (我是一名軟體工程師。)
- My brother is very tall. (我哥哥非常高。)
- This task is difficult. (這個任務很困難。)
- They are my best friends. (他們是我最好的朋友。)
- The new employees are hardworking. (新來的員工們很勤奮。)
描述位置
- She is in her office right now. (她現在正在她的辦公室裡。)
- The keys are on the kitchen counter. (鑰匙在廚房的檯子上。)
描述過去的狀態或身份
- I was very busy yesterday. (我昨天非常忙。)
- The weather was terrible last week. (上週的天氣很糟糕。)
- We were classmates in college. (我們在大學時是同學。)
- The questions on the test were not easy. (考試的題目不容易。)
作為助動詞(構成進行式或被動語態)
- He is watching TV. (他正在看電視。)
- This beautiful song was written by him. (這首優美的歌是由他寫的。)
2. 情態助動詞 (Modal Auxiliary Verbs):為語氣增添色彩
情態助動詞(如 can, will, should, must)像語氣的「調味料」,添加在主要動詞前,為句子增添能力、可能、必須、建議等豐富的色彩。
💡 黃金規則:
- 情態助動詞後面,動詞永遠使用原形動詞 (Base Form)。
- 情態助動詞沒有人稱變化(不因 he/she/it 而加 -s)。
must vs. have to 的用法區別
比較項目 | must | have to |
---|---|---|
義務來源 | 主觀、內在的 (來自說話者自身的決心或命令) | 客觀、外在的 (來自規定、法律、情勢等) |
時態與形式 | 只有現在式形式 | 完整 (has to, had to, will have to...) |
否定意義 | mustn't (禁止,不准) | don't have to (不必,沒有義務) |
【例句中的深度應用】
主觀 vs. 客觀
- I must finish this project today. (我今天非得完成這專案不可。— 我對自己的要求)
- I have to finish this project today. (我必須今天完成這專案。— 老闆/客戶的要求)
- He has to wear a suit to work. (他上班必須穿西裝。— 公司規定)
否定意義
- You mustn't touch the paintings in the museum. (你不准觸碰博物館裡的畫作。— 這是禁令)
- You don't have to pay for the ticket. It's free. (你不必付票錢,這是免費的。)
其他情態動詞
- I can speak English. My sister can speak Japanese. (能力)
- It may rain this afternoon. The clouds may bring a storm. (可能性)
- You should get more sleep. Your parents should know about this. (建議)
- We will visit our aunt this weekend. (未來計畫)
3. 連綴動詞 (Linking Verbs):串起主詞與狀態的隱形橋樑
連綴動詞的功能像一座「橋樑」,負責連接主詞和後面的主詞補語(通常是形容詞或名詞),用以說明主詞的狀態或身份。
核心功能: 主詞 + 連綴動詞 + 形容詞/名詞
常見動詞: be, look, feel, smell, sound, taste, seem, become, get...
【例句中的主詞動詞一致性】
- You look tired today. (你看起來很累。)
- This soup tastes a little salty. (這湯嚐起來有點鹹。)
- The music from next door sounds terrible. (隔壁傳來的音樂聽起來很糟。)
- The leaves turn yellow in autumn. (葉子在秋天會變黃。)
- He became a teacher after graduation. (他畢業後成為了一名老師。)
- I feel nervous before an interview. (面試前我會感到緊張。)
4. 及物動詞 vs. 不及物動詞:你的動作需要「對象」嗎?
這個分類決定了動詞後面是否需要接一個「受詞 (Object)」。
A. 及物動詞 (Transitive, vt.): 需要有「對象」
它的動作需要一個受詞來承受,語意才完整。
- I need some help.
- She is writing an important email.
- My father fixed the leaky faucet.
- The company launched a new product last month.
B. 不及物動詞 (Intransitive, vi.): 不需要有「對象」
它本身就能表達完整的動作,後面不直接接受詞。
- The sun is shining brightly.
- He arrived at 10 AM.
- The baby laughed happily.
- My head hurts.
雙重身份動詞的應用
- The children are growing quickly. (vi. 成長) / The farmer grows vegetables. (vt. 種植)
- The door opened slowly. (vi. 開了) / He opened the door slowly. (vt. 打開)
- We eat at 7 PM. (vi. 吃飯) / We eat dinner at 7 PM. (vt. 吃晚餐)
5. 狀態動詞 (Stative Verbs):感受與擁有,不愛「正在進行」
狀態動詞用來描述一種持續性的「狀態」,如思想、情緒、擁有權等,而非一個短暫的「動作」。
💡 黃金規則:
狀態動詞通常不用於進行式 (is/am/are + V-ing)!因為「狀態」是持續的,不需要用 -ing 來強調「正在」。
【例句中的應用】
思想/認知 (know, believe, understand...)
- I understand the problem now. (✅)
- She believes everything he says. (✅)
- They know the way to the station. (✅)
擁有 (have, own, belong to...)
- He owns three restaurants in this city. (✅) (have 當「吃、度過」時,是動作動詞,可用進行式:We are having a good time.)
- This old book belongs to my grandfather. (✅)
感受/情緒 (love, like, hate, want, need...)
- The kids love chocolate. (✅)
- I need a cup of coffee right now. (✅)
- She wants to be a singer. (✅)
【進階小學堂】動詞後的動詞:to V 還是 V-ing?
這個主題不屬於動詞本身的分類,而是「動詞搭配 (Verb Patterns)」的規則,指的是當一個動詞後面要接另一個動詞時,第二個動詞該採取的形態。
習慣接 to + 原形動詞 (to-infinitive) 的動詞: want, hope, plan, decide, need, promise...
- We plan to travel to Europe next year.
- He promised to help me.
習慣接 V-ing (動名詞) 的動詞: enjoy, finish, practice, avoid, mind...
- She enjoys listening to classical music.
- Have you finished doing your homework?