直接引述與間接引述: 轉述的藝術
掌握時態、人稱與時地副詞的轉換, 精準重現他人話語。
直接引述 vs. 間接引述
當我們想傳達別人說過的話時, 有兩種主要方式。「直接引述」是直接重複, 並用引號標示；「間接引述」則是用我們自己的角度轉述, 是在敘事與寫作中更常見的方式。
核心觀念: 三大關鍵轉變
當主要引述動詞是過去式 (如 said, told, asked) 時, 轉述內容通常需要進行以下三種轉換。
1. 時態的「向後一格」 (Tense Backshift)
子句內的動詞時態通常需要「往過去的方向退一格」。
- 現在簡單式 → 過去簡單式 (I am hungry → he was hungry)
- 過去簡單式 → 過去完成式 (I went → he had gone)
- 未來式 (will) → 過去未來式 (I will → he would)
2. 人稱代名詞的轉換 (Pronoun Shift)
子句內的代名詞必須根據「轉述者」的角度來改變。
→ Tom said, "I like your bike." → Tom said that he liked my bike.
3. 時間與地方副詞的轉換 (Adverb Shift)
與「此時此地」相關的副詞, 需要轉換成符合「當時當地」的詞語。
→ now → then, today → that day, yesterday → the day before, here → there
轉述「陳述句」
句型: 主詞 + said/told (sb) + (that) + 子句
- 直接: He said, "I am busy now."
- 間接: He said that he was busy then.
轉述「疑問句」
黃金規則: 轉述後的子句必須變回「主詞 + 動詞」的直述句語序, 句尾用句點。
| 問句類型 | 引導詞 | 間接引述範例 |
|---|---|---|
| Yes/No 問句 | if / whether | He asked if I was hungry. |
| Wh- 問句 | 原 Wh- 疑問詞 | She asked where he lived. |
轉述「祈使句」
引述動詞常改用 tell (命令) 或 ask (請求), 並使用不定詞結構。
肯定祈使句 (要求做某事)
直接: The teacher said, "Open your books."
→ 間接: The teacher told us to open our books.
否定祈使句 (要求不要做某事)
直接: Mom said, "Don't play computer games."
→ 間接: Mom told me not to play computer games.
本章總結與練習
小練習
請將下列直接引述改為間接引述:
1. He said, "I am busy now." → He said that ________________.
2. Mary said, "I went to the park yesterday." → Mary said that ________________.
3. Tom asked, "Will you call me tomorrow?" (假設是對我說) → Tom asked me ________________.
4. The doctor said to him, "Don't eat too much." → The doctor told him ________________.
答案: 1. he was busy then, 2. she had gone to the park the day before, 3. if/whether I would call him the next day, 4. not to eat too much
互動測驗：引述句挑戰
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