直接引述與間接引述 (Direct & Reported Speech) - 轉述他人話語的語法藝術

互動式直接引述與間接引述全解

直接引述與間接引述: 轉述的藝術

掌握時態、人稱與時地副詞的轉換, 精準重現他人話語。

引述句示意圖

直接引述 vs. 間接引述

當我們想傳達別人說過的話時, 有兩種主要方式。「直接引述」是直接重複, 並用引號標示;「間接引述」則是用我們自己的角度轉述, 是在敘事與寫作中更常見的方式。

核心觀念: 三大關鍵轉變

當主要引述動詞是過去式 (如 said, told, asked) 時, 轉述內容通常需要進行以下三種轉換。

1. 時態的「向後一格」 (Tense Backshift)

子句內的動詞時態通常需要「往過去的方向退一格」。

  • 現在簡單式 → 過去簡單式 (I am hungry → he was hungry)
  • 過去簡單式 → 過去完成式 (I went → he had gone)
  • 未來式 (will) → 過去未來式 (I will → he would)

2. 人稱代名詞的轉換 (Pronoun Shift)

子句內的代名詞必須根據「轉述者」的角度來改變。

→ Tom said, "I like your bike." → Tom said that he liked my bike.

3. 時間與地方副詞的轉換 (Adverb Shift)

與「此時此地」相關的副詞, 需要轉換成符合「當時當地」的詞語。

→ now → then, today → that day, yesterday → the day before, here → there

轉述「陳述句」

句型: 主詞 + said/told (sb) + (that) + 子句

  • 直接: He said, "I am busy now."
  • 間接: He said that he was busy then.

轉述「疑問句」

黃金規則: 轉述後的子句必須變回「主詞 + 動詞」的直述句語序, 句尾用句點。

問句類型引導詞間接引述範例
Yes/No 問句if / whetherHe asked if I was hungry.
Wh- 問句原 Wh- 疑問詞She asked where he lived.

轉述「祈使句」

引述動詞常改用 tell (命令) 或 ask (請求), 並使用不定詞結構。

肯定祈使句 (要求做某事)

直接: The teacher said, "Open your books."

→ 間接: The teacher told us to open our books.

否定祈使句 (要求不要做某事)

直接: Mom said, "Don't play computer games."

→ 間接: Mom told me not to play computer games.

本章總結與練習

小練習

請將下列直接引述改為間接引述:

1. He said, "I am busy now." → He said that ________________.

2. Mary said, "I went to the park yesterday." → Mary said that ________________.

3. Tom asked, "Will you call me tomorrow?" (假設是對我說) → Tom asked me ________________.

4. The doctor said to him, "Don't eat too much." → The doctor told him ________________.

答案: 1. he was busy then, 2. she had gone to the park the day before, 3. if/whether I would call him the next day, 4. not to eat too much

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