在溝通中,我們時常需要提及某些人或事物,但又無法或無需明確指出其身份。例如,當我們說「有人在敲門」或「我想吃點東西」時,我們指代的對象就是「不特定的」。
為此,英語提供了一套強大的工具——不定代名詞 (Indefinite Pronouns)。它們能幫助我們在資訊不完整或無需指明的情況下,依然能流暢地表達。本章將帶您深入了解各類不定代名詞的用法,並徹底掌握它們最關鍵的語法規則:主詞與動詞的一致性。
第一節:複合不定代名詞 (some-, any-, every-, no-)
這是在日常對話中最常見的一組不定代名詞。
22.1 指「人」與指「物」的構成
字首 | 指「人」 (-body / -one) |
指「物」 (-thing) |
主要用法 |
---|---|---|---|
some- | somebody / someone (某人) | something (某物) | 肯定句 (+) |
any- | anybody / anyone (任何人) | anything (任何事物) | 否定句 (-) 與 疑問句 (?) |
every- | everybody / everyone (每個人) | everything (每件事物) | 肯定句 |
no- | nobody / no one (沒有人) | nothing (沒有事物) | 本身帶否定意的肯定句 |
範例:
- There is someone outside. (外面有個人。)
- I didn't see anyone. (我沒看到任何人。)
- Is anybody there? (有任何人在嗎?)
- Everybody likes the new teacher. (每個人都喜歡新來的老師。)
- Nobody knows the secret. (沒有人知道這個秘密。)
- I have nothing to say. (我無話可說。)
第二節:表示數量的「不定代名詞」
許多我們學過的量詞,也可以單獨使用,作為不定代名詞,用來代替前面提過的名詞。
不定代名詞 | 用法說明 | 範例 |
---|---|---|
some | 一些 (可數/不可數) | I need some apples. Do you have some? |
any | 任何;一些 (用於否/疑問) | I don't have any pens. Do you have any? |
none | 沒有一個;一點也沒有 | How many books did you read? None. |
all | 全部 | Where are the students? All are here. |
each | 每一個 (強調個體) | The students have books. Each has a different cover. |
both | 兩者都 | I have two brothers. Both are tall. |
many/few | 很多/很少 (用於可數) | Many were invited, but few came. |
much/little | 很多/很少 (用於不可數) | Much was said, but little was done. |
第三節:主詞動詞一致性 (Subject-Verb Agreement)
語法基石:不定代名詞的單複數規則
使用不定代名詞當主詞時,其後的動詞該用單數還是複數,是本章節最關鍵的考點。
A. 永遠視為「單數」的代名詞
規則: 由 some-, any-, every-, no- 構成的複合代名詞,以及 each,永遠被視為第三人稱單數。
- Everyone is excited. (❌ are excited)
- Something smells delicious. (❌ smell delicious)
- Each of the students has a dictionary. (❌ have a dictionary)
B. 永遠視為「複數」的代名詞
規則: both, many, few, several 這幾個詞在本質上就帶有複數的意義。
- Both of my parents are teachers.
- Many were disappointed with the result.
C. 單複數由其「指代對象」決定的代名詞
規則: some, any, none, all, most 的單複數,取決於它們在句中所指代的名詞。
- 指代「不可數名詞」→ 動詞用單數。
- Some of the water is dirty. (water 是不可數)
- 指代「複數可數名詞」→ 動詞用複數。
- Some of the apples are rotten. (apples 是複數)
- All of the money was stolen. (money 是不可數)
- All of the team members were present. (members 是複數)
- None of the students is/are here. (None 後面較特殊,在現代語法中,單複數動詞皆可接受,但單數更為常見且正式。)
本章總結與練習
總結:
- 不定代名詞用於指代不特定的人、事、物。
- 由 some-, any-, every-, no- 構成的複合代名詞,以及 each,動詞用單數。
- both, many, few, several 動詞用複數。
- some, any, none, all, most 的動詞單複數由其指代對象決定。
小練習:
A. 填入正確的動詞形式:
1. Everybody ______ (know) the answer.
2. Nothing ______ (be) impossible.
3. Both of my parents ______ (work) in the hospital.
4. Most of the information ______ (be) useful.
5. Some of the cookies ______ (be) eaten by the children.
答案:
A. 1. knows, 2. is, 3. work, 4. is, 5. were
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