一、主詞人稱與動詞型態 (現在簡單式)
在現在簡單式中，動詞的形態會根據主詞的人稱和單複數而有所不同。我們先來看三大類動詞：Be 動詞、助動詞 (do/have) 和一般動詞。
1.1 第一人稱 (I / We)
Be 動詞：
I → am (例：I am a student.)
We → are (例：We are friends.)
助動詞 (用於否定/疑問/完成式)：
I / We + do (否定/疑問) (例：I do not like coffee. / Do we have class?)
I / We + have (完成式) (例：I have finished.)
一般動詞：使用「原形動詞」
例：I play basketball. / We study English.
1.2 第二人稱 (You - 你 / 你們)
Be 動詞：
You → are (例：You are tall. / You are students.)
助動詞：
You + do (例：Do you like movies?)
You + have (例：You have done a good job.)
一般動詞：使用「原形動詞」
例：You speak clearly.
1.3 第三人稱複數 (They / Plural Nouns - 他們/她們/它們 / 複數名詞)
Be 動詞：
They / The students → are (例：They are doctors. / The cats are cute.)
助動詞：
They / The students + do (例：They do not want to go.)
They / The students + have (例：The players have practiced a lot.)
一般動詞：使用「原形動詞」
例：They live in Taipei. / My parents work here.
1.4 第三人稱單數 (He / She / It / Singular Nouns - 他/她/它 / 單數名詞)
這是變化最多的地方，要特別注意！
Be 動詞：
He / She / It / The student → is (例：He is a teacher. / The book is new.)
助動詞：
He / She / It / The student + does (例：Does she like tea? / It does not work.)
He / She / It / The student + has (例：She has finished her meal.)
一般動詞：字尾通常需要加 -s / -es / -ies (詳細規則見下一節)
例：He plays the guitar. / She studies hard. / The cat eats fish.
二、一般動詞變化規則 (現在簡單式 - 第三單數)
當主詞是第三人稱單數時，現在簡單式的一般動詞字尾變化規則如下：
| 動詞字尾 | 規則 | 範例 (Example) |
|---|---|---|
| 大部分動詞 | 直接加 -s | work → works, play → plays, read → reads |
| 字尾為 -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -o | 加 -es | pass → passes, watch → watches, go → goes, fix → fixes |
| 字尾為「子音 + y」 | 去 y 加 -ies | study → studies, try → tries, cry → cries |
| 字尾為「母音 + y」 | 直接加 -s | play → plays, enjoy → enjoys, say → says |
| 不規則變化 | (主要記 have) | have → has |
練習 1：填入正確的動詞形式 (第三人稱單數現在簡單式)
He _______ (like) apples.
She _______ (wash) her car every week.
The baby _______ (cry) loudly.
My brother _______ (enjoy) playing video games.
It _______ (do) not snow here.
解答：1. likes 2. washes 3. cries 4. enjoys 5. does
三、其他主詞類型的動詞型態 (現在簡單式)
除了基本人稱代名詞，還有一些主詞類型也需要注意其動詞搭配：
由 'and' 連接的複合主詞： 通常視為「複數」，動詞用原形。
例：Tom and Mary are good friends. / My brother and I like swimming.
由 'or'/'nor' 連接的主詞： 動詞與「最靠近它」的主詞一致 (就近原則)。
例：Either you or he is wrong.
例：Neither my parents nor my sister likes this movie.
不定代名詞 (Indefinite Pronouns)： 如 each, every, everyone, somebody, nothing 等，通常視為「單數」，動詞要變化。
例：Everyone needs a friend.
例：Something is wrong.
集合名詞 (Collective Nouns)： 如 family, team, group 等，指「整體」時通常視為「單數」(尤美式英文)。
例：My family is large.
主詞與動詞間有其他片語： 動詞要與「真正的主詞」一致，不受中間片語影響。
例：The color of the apples is red. (主詞是 color)
例：The students in that class are very smart. (主詞是 students)
形式為複數但意義為單數的名詞： 如 news (新聞), physics (物理學), mathematics (數學) 等，視為「單數」。
例：The news is always bad.
度量單位 (Units of Measurement)： 表示時間、金錢、距離、重量等，通常視為一個「整體」，作「單數」用。
例：Ten dollars is not enough.
例：Five kilometers is a long walk.
以 'There' 或 'Here' 開頭的句子： 動詞形式取決於其「後面」的名詞主詞。
例：There is a cat under the tree.
例：Here are your keys.
關係代名詞 (who, which, that)： 關係子句中的動詞形式，取決於關係代名詞所指代的「先行詞」的單複數。
例：The boy who plays the piano is my son.
例：The books that are on the table are mine.
四、不同時態下 Be 動詞, 助動詞, 一般動詞的變化概覽
掌握了現在簡單式的主詞動詞搭配後，我們來看看這些動詞在其他主要時態中是如何變化的。這只是一個概覽，每個時態的詳細用法會在後續單元介紹。
4.1 Be 動詞的時態變化
| 時態 | Be 動詞形式 | 範例 |
|---|---|---|
| 現在簡單式 | am, is, are | I am happy. / She is here. / They are friends. |
| 過去簡單式 | was, were | I was tired. / They were late. |
| 未來簡單式 | will be / am/is/are going to be | It will be sunny. / I am going to be busy. |
| 現在進行式 | am/is/are being (作為主要動詞或被動語態) | He is being naughty. (他現在表現得很頑皮 - 主動) / The room is being cleaned. (房間正在被打掃 - 被動) |
| 過去進行式 | was/were being (作為主要動詞或被動語態) | She was being careful. (她當時很小心 - 主動) / The car was being repaired. (車子當時正在被修理 - 被動) |
| 現在完成式 | have/has been | I have been to Japan. / She has been sick. |
| 過去完成式 | had been | He had been there before. |
| 未來完成式 | will have been | By next year, I will have been here for 5 years. |
4.2 助動詞 Do 的時態變化 (用於一般動詞的否定/疑問)
| 時態 | Do 助動詞形式 | 範例 |
|---|---|---|
| 現在簡單式 | do, does | I do not like it. / Does he know? |
| 過去簡單式 | did | She did not come. / Did they win? |
| 未來簡單式 | (用 will) | Will you help? / He will not say. |
4.3 助動詞 Have 的時態變化 (用於完成式)
| 時態 | Have 助動詞形式 | 範例 |
|---|---|---|
| 現在完成式 | have, has | We have eaten. / He has arrived. |
| 過去完成式 | had | They had already left. |
| 未來完成式 | will have | She will have finished by then. |
4.4 一般動詞的時態變化 (以 work 和 go 為例)
一般動詞的變化最為豐富，以下列出主要時態：
| 時態 | Work (規則) | Go (不規則) |
|---|---|---|
| 現在簡單式 | I work / He works | I go / He goes |
| 過去簡單式 | I worked | I went |
| 未來簡單式 | I will work | I will go |
| 現在進行式 | I am working | I am going |
| 過去進行式 | I was working | I was going |
| 現在完成式 | I have worked | I have gone |
| 過去完成式 | I had worked | I had gone |
| 未來完成式 | I will have worked | I will have gone |
4.5 情態助動詞 (Modal Auxiliaries)
情態助動詞 (如 can, could, may, might, must, should, will, would) 本身形式變化較少 (通常只有現在式和過去式，例如 can/could)，後面一律接原形動詞，且不受主詞單複數影響。
例：He can swim. / They should study.
動詞變化總結小叮嚀：
- 掌握「主詞動詞一致性」是基本功，特別是現在簡單式的第三人稱單數變化。
- Be 動詞、助動詞 do/have、一般動詞在不同時態下有不同的構成方式。
- 情態動詞後面接原形動詞。
- 多看例句、多練習，就能慢慢熟悉這些變化規則，讓你的英文更上一層樓！
