動名詞與不定詞: 動詞的變身魔法
精熟 V-ing 與 to V 的用法, 讓動詞在句子中扮演更多元的角色。
動名詞 (V-ing) vs. 不定詞 (to V)
當我們想表達的「主詞」或「受詞」本身就是一個「動作」時, 我們需要將動詞「變身」。在英語中, 主要有兩種變身方式: 動名詞 (Gerund) 與 不定詞 (Infinitive)。
動名詞 (V-ing): 動作即名詞
動名詞就是「動詞 + ing」的形態, 但在句子裡扮演著「名詞」的角色。
1. 當主詞 (As a Subject)
→ Swimming is good exercise.
2. 當受詞 (As an Object)
→ I enjoy reading.
3. 當主詞補語 (As a Subject Complement)
→ My hobby is collecting stamps.
4. 當介系詞的受詞 (After a Preposition)
→ She is good at drawing.
語法焦點: enjoy, finish, practice, avoid, mind, keep, suggest, quit 等動詞後面習慣接動名詞。
不定詞 (to + V): 多功能選手
不定詞的基本形式是「to + 原形動詞」。它的功能更多元, 可以當名詞、形容詞或副詞。
1. 當名詞 (Noun Role)
- 當受詞: I want to travel.
- 當主詞: To learn a new language is challenging.
2. 當形容詞 (Adjective Role)
放在名詞後面修飾。→ I have some homework to do.
3. 當副詞 (Adverb Role)
最常見是表示「目的」。→ He studies hard to pass the exam.
語法焦點: want, need, decide, hope, plan, learn, agree, promise 等動詞後面習慣接不定詞。
動詞後的關鍵抉擇
有些動詞後面既可以接動名詞, 也可以接不定詞。這時需要根據動詞來判斷意義是否改變。
意義幾乎不變的動詞: start, begin, like, love, hate...
→ It started raining / to rain.
意義截然不同的動詞
| 動詞 | 接不定詞 (to V) - 表未來/目的 | 接動名詞 (V-ing) - 表過去/習慣 |
|---|---|---|
| remember | 記得「要去做」某事 Remember to lock the door. | 記得「做過」某事 I remember locking the door. |
| forget | 忘記「要去做」某事 Don't forget to bring your homework. | 忘記「做過」某事 I'll never forget seeing that view. |
| stop | 停下原事, 去做「另一件事」 He stopped to smoke. | 停止「正在做的這件事」 He stopped smoking. |
虛主詞/受詞 it
當「不定詞片語」或「動名詞片語」當主詞時, 句子會顯得「頭重腳輕」。這時, 我們可以用 It 來當「假的」主詞或受詞, 把真正的主體移到後面。
虛主詞 It (Dummy Subject)
原句: To wake up early is difficult for me.
→ It is difficult for me to wake up early.
原句: Talking to you was nice.
→ It was nice talking to you.
虛受詞 it (Dummy Object) - 進階用法
句型: S + V + it + 補語 + to V / that 子句
→ I find it difficult to solve this problem.
互動測驗：動名詞與不定詞挑戰
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